September is Cervical Cancer Awareness Month. Epilepsy SA’s professional nurse Nomvula Mtshali urges women to remember that though the disease is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in South Africa, it is preventable through vaccination and regular screening.

She told the Springs Advertiser that cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among South African women, with an estimated 13 800 new cases annually.

Mtshali said over 10 700 women receive a diagnosis in South Africa, with more than 5 800 losing their lives to it each year.
She said persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types primarily causes cervical cancer.

Mtshali also highlighted other causes and risk factors, including sexual history, a weakened immune system, smoking, family history, oral contraceptive use, and socioeconomic factors.

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She added that understanding these causes and risk factors can help women take proactive steps to reduce their risk and seek regular screening.

“Women should start getting screened for cervical cancer at the age of 25, according to the American Cancer Society. However, other guidelines suggest starting at 21,” she said.

She also said that women between the ages of 25 and 65 should be screened every five years with a primary HPV test or every five years with a co-test (HPV test and Pap test) or every three years with a Pap test alone. If screening is chosen, she recommends that a Pap test be performed every three years for women from 21 to 24.

“The HPV vaccine protects against certain strains of the human papillomavirus, which can cause various cancers and genital warts,” said Mtshali.

Mtshali said routine vaccination for children is recommended 11 and 12 years old, but it can be started as early as 9 years old.
She also said that there is a certain group of people who cannot receive the vaccine, mainly pregnant women, individuals with severe allergies, and people over 45.

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She shared that women face several challenges accessing prevention and treatment for cervical cancer, including limited awareness; health system challenges; provider-related issues; sociocultural barriers; accessibility and availability; and financial constraints.

“To address these challenges, various things need to be done, like increased awareness, decentralised services, training and capacity building, community-based initiatives and partnerships, and funding,” said Mtshali.

Mtshali advises women who are hesitant about HPV vaccination and cervical cancer screening to seek advice.

“If you’re hesitant, consider discussing your concerns with a healthcare provider. They can provide personalised guidance and support to help you make informed decisions about your health.”