Why head injuries should always be taken seriously

Head injuries can occur in many ways. People may fall and get injured when riding a bike, skateboard or even a hoverboard, while some even opt for the faster and more dangerous options such as a motorbike or quad bike. Whichever occurs, wearing a helmet is essential and can be life-saving.

• Also read: How does rugby affect the brain?

Local neurosurgeon Dr Lebo Nchabeleng thus spoke out to raise awareness and commemorate World Head Injury Day recently.

Head injuries, especially traumatic brain injuries (TBI), are a major cause of death and disability worldwide. It often affects young, economically productive individuals,” Nchabeleng said.

She added that many head injuries are a result of preventable incidents like motor vehicle collisions, falls, assaults and sport-related injuries. She mentioned survivors of head injuries often face long-term cognitive and physical disabilities, which places a significant burden on families, healthcare systems and society.

According to Nchabeleng, there are two types of head injuries, namely a concussion and a Diffuse Axonal Injury. A concussion is a temporary disruption of brain function due to a blow or jolt to the head, which results in headaches, memory loss and dizziness. A Diffuse Axonal injury is the widespread tearing of brain fibers due to rapid acceleration/deceleration, such as in car crashes. This injury is often associated with long-term disability or death.

She further noted the serious signs someone might have after sustaining a head injury:

• Loss of consciousness, especially if it lasts more than a few seconds or does not resolve
• Inability to wake up or drowsiness
• Persistent or worsening headache: A sign of increased intracranial pressure
• Vomiting (especially repeated)
• Seizures or convulsions
• Unequal pupil size or unreactive pupils
• Slurred speech or difficulty speaking
• Weakness (especially one-sided)
• Clear fluid draining from the nose or ears or bruising around the eyes or behind the ears

She explained the steps that should be taken if someone suffers from a head injury. It is important to avoid moving the injured person unless there is danger. Gently try to wake the person and ask them simple questions, like what their name is. Afterwards, dial emergency services and keep the person as still as possible. Try to control any bleeding and monitor the person. Be ready to start CPR if the person stops breathing.

Nchabeleng further stated that awareness can be raised with educational campaigns, support and advocacy, and professional health education.

To prevent head injuries regarding motor vehicle collisions, Nchabeleng advised people to always wear seatbelts, obey the law and speed limits, and avoid driving under the influence of alcohol. She noted that to avoid falling, it is best to hold onto handrails and install nonslip mats and adequate lighting. To help avoid head injuries during assaults, Nchabeleng mentioned promoting community safety programmes, raising awareness about domestic violence and encouraging conflict resolution. During sports activities, she noted it is important to wear protective gear, enforce safety rules and educate players and coaches on concussion protocols.

Reducing head injury rates among children and young adults requires different approaches. Education, proper use of protective equipment, environmental modifications and adherence to safety regulations,” Nchabeleng concluded.