Types and triggers of migraines explained
Often brushed off as just bad headaches, migraines are neurological events with various symptoms, types, and triggers which demand proper diagnosis and personalised treatment.
Migraines affect around 15% of people worldwide and can seriously impact daily life, from missing work or school, to struggling with social interactions. But as experts explain, migraines are more than just painful headaches, they are complex neurological conditions that deserve proper attention and care.
Dr Michael Huth, a neurologist practising at Netcare Linksfield Hospital and president of the South African Headache Society, says understanding the different types of migraines and their triggers is key to managing the condition.
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“Migraines can reduce productivity and quality of life. The pain, brain fog, and sensitivity to light, sound, or even smells, can make everyday tasks difficult,” says Huth. “There’s also the emotional toll, of anxiety or depression, that people who live with frequent migraines often suffer.”
Migraines fall into two main categories: Those with aura and those without. An aura is a warning sign, which can include: flashing lights, blind spots, tingling, or trouble speaking. These signs usually last between 20 minutes and an hour. This is known as a classic migraine.
A common migraine, on the other hand, does not include an aura. It typically involves a throbbing or pulsing pain on one side of the head, along with nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound. These attacks can last between four and 72 hours.
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Huth also explains that some people experience migraines occasionally, known as episodic migraines, while others suffer from chronic migraines, which happen on 15 or more days a month for at least three months.
Other types of migraines include:
• Hemiplegic migraine: Often genetic, this causes temporary weakness or paralysis on one side of the body. Aura symptoms may also appear, such as confusion or dizziness.
• Vestibular migraine: Causes dizziness, balance issues, and nausea, sometimes without a headache. These can be managed with lifestyle changes, therapy, or medication.
• Abdominal migraine: Common in children, this includes stomach pain, nausea, and vomiting. Hydration, diet changes, and medication can help.
• Ophthalmic or retinal migraine: Involves visual problems in one eye, followed by a headache. An eye check-up is important to rule out other problems.
While medicine can help, lifestyle changes also play a big role in managing migraines. Huth offers these tips:
1. Stick to a routine
• Sleep 7–9 hours a night.
• Eat balanced meals at set times.
• Drink enough water to avoid dehydration.
2. Reduce stress
• Try meditation, breathing exercises, or yoga.
• Avoid long screen time and bright, flickering lights.
3. Exercise wisely
• Low-impact activities, like walking or swimming, are best.
• Don’t push too hard, as intense workouts may trigger migraines.
4. Watch what you eat
• Keep a food and migraine diary.
• Common triggers include caffeine, alcohol, aged cheese, processed meats, and artificial sweeteners.
• An elimination diet may help find specific problem foods.
5. Try different treatments
• Some people need preventive medication.
• Acupuncture and magnesium supplements may also help.
Huth says everyone’s experience with migraines is different. “Understanding what type of migraine you have, spotting the triggers, and following a treatment plan can make a big difference.
“If migraines are affecting your life regularly, speak to a doctor. There is help available, and with the right support, your quality of life can improve.”
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